Introduction to New England Colonial Architecture

When the British landed on the shores of the New World, they not only brought place names from England (e.g., Portsmouth, Salisbury, Manchester), but the colonists also carried the knowledge of building traditions and architectural styles. The religious separatists we call Pilgrims arrived in 1620, quickly followed by a group of Puritans in 1630, who settled in what became the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Using whatever materials they could find, the immigrants constructed timber-framed houses with steep roofs. Other settlers from Great Britain spread throughout Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, building rustic dwellings like the ones they had known in their homeland. They colonized land that became New England. The earliest dwellings were likely hastily-constructed sheds and cabins — the recreation of the Plymouth Colony shows us this. Then, shoring up against the cold New England winters, colonists built single-story Cape Cod houses with massive chimneys placed at the center. As families grew, some colonists built larger two-story homes, still to be seen in communities like  Strawbery Banke on the New Hampshire coast. Colonists expanded their living space and protected their property with sloping saltbox roof additions, named after the shape of boxes used to store salt. The Daggett Farmhouse, built in Connecticut around 1750, is a good example of the saltbox roof style. Wood was plentiful in the northeastern forests of the New World. The English people who colonized New England grew up with architecture from late medieval and Elizabethan England. The British colonists were not far removed from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and medieval timber-framed houses, and they continued these building practices through the 1600s and well into the 1700s. The 1683 Parson Capen House in Topsfield, Massachusetts is a good example of Elizabethan architecture in New England. Since these simple homes were made of wood, many burned down. Only a few have survived intact, and fewer still have not been remodeled and expanded. New England Colonial Types Styles Architecture in Colonial New England went through many phases and can be known by various names. The style is sometimes called post-medieval, late medieval, or first period English. A New England Colonial home with a sloping, shed-like roof is often called a Saltbox Colonial. The term Garrison Colonial describes a New England Colonial home with a second story that juts out over the lower level. The historic 1720 Stanley-Whitman House in Farmington, Connecticut is described as a post-medieval style, because of its second-story overhang, but a later lean-to addition transformed the  Garrison Colonial into one with a saltbox-style roof. It did not take long for colonial styles of architecture to combine to form new designs. Modern Colonials Builders often imitate historic styles. You may have heard words like New England Colonial, Garrison Colonial, or Saltbox Colonial used to describe modern-day homes. Technically, a house built after the American Revolution — after communities were no longer colonies of England — is not colonial. More correctly, these homes of the 19th and 20th centuries are Colonial Revival or Neocolonial. Northern versus Southern Colonial Houses Early New England colonial houses were usually located mostly along the shores of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Remember that Vermont and Maine were not part of the 13 original colonies, although much of the architecture is similar, modified by French influences from the north. Northern colonial homes were wood framed construction, usually the plentiful white pine, with clapboard or shingle siding. Early homes were one story, but as more family arrived from Britain these starter homes became two-stories, often with steep roofs, narrow eaves, and side gables. A large, center fireplace and chimney would heat upstairs and downstairs. Some homes added the luxury of saltbox-shaped lean-to additions, used to keep wood and supplies dry. New England architecture was inspired by the beliefs of the inhabitants, and the Puritans tolerated little exterior ornamentation. The most decorative were the post-medieval styles, where the second story slightly protruded ove r the lower floor and the small casement windows would have diamond-shaped panes. This was the extent of decorative design. Beginning with the Jamestown Colony in 1607, New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies were established up and down the eastern coastline of what would become the United States. Settlers in southern regions such as Pennsylvania, Georgia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Virginia also constructed uncomplicated, rectangular homes. However, a Southern Colonial home is often made with brick. Clay was plentiful in many southern regions, which made brick a natural building material for southern colonial homes. Also, homes in the southern colonies often had two chimneys — one on each side — instead of a single massive chimney in the center. Tour New England Colonial Homesteads The New England Colonial home of Rebecca Nurse was built in the 17th century, making this giant red house a true Colonial. Rebecca, her husband, and her children moved here to  Danvers, Massachusetts around 1678. With two rooms on the first floor and two rooms on the second, a large chimney runs through the center of the main house. A kitchen lean-to addition with its own chimney was built in about 1720. Another addition was constructed in 1850. The Rebecca Nurse house has its original floors, walls, and beams. However, like most homes from this period, the house has been extensively restored. The lead restoration architect was Joseph Everett Chandler, who also oversaw the historic restorations at the Paul Revere House in Boston and the House of Seven Gables in Salem. Rebecca West is an interesting figure in American history for being a victim of the Salem Witch Trials—in 1692 she was accused, tried, and executed for practicing witchcraft. Like many historic homes throughout New England, the Rebecca Nurse Homestead is open to the public for tours. Many of New Englands finest colonial homes are open to the public. The Hoxie House in Sandwich, Massachusetts was built in 1675 and is said to be the oldest house still standing on Cape Cod. The Jethro Coffin House, built in 1686, is the oldest house on Nantucket.  The home of author Louisa May Alcott, Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts, is a good example of farmhouses built between 1690 and 1720. The town of Salem, Massachusetts is a museum itself, with the House of Seven Gables (1668) and the Jonathan Corwin House (1642), also known as the Witch House, being two popular tourist attractions.  A Boston home built in 1680 and once owned by American patriot Paul Revere is a popular post-medieval style to view. Lastly, Plimoth Plantation is the Disney-equivalent of 17th century New England living, as the visitor can experience an entire village of the primitive huts that started it all. Once you get a taste of Colonial American house styles, youll know some of what has made Ame rica strong. COPYRIGHT: The articles you see on these pages are copyrighted. You may link to them, but do not copy them in a blog, web page, or print publication without permission. Sources Architecture of New England and the Southern Colonies by Valerie Ann Polino, http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1978/4/78.04.03.x.html [accessed July 27, 2017]English Colonial Domestic Architecture of New England by Christine G. H. Franck, https://christinefranck.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/english-colonial-domestic-architecture-of-new-england/ [accessed July 27, 2017]Architectural Style Guide, Historic New England, https://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/for-homeowners-communities/your-old-or-historic-home/architectural-style-guide/#first-period-post-medieval [accessed July 27, 2017]Virginia and Lee McAlester. A Field Guide to American Houses, 1984Lester Walker. American Shelter: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home, 1998John Milnes Baker, AIA. American House Styles: A Concise Guide, Norton, 1994Architectural Style Guide, Boston Preservation Alliance, http://www.bostonpreservation.org/advocacy/architectural-style-guide.html [accessed July 27, 2017]

Should People Less Than Eighteen Years Old...

Should people less than eighteen years old (minors/juveniles/adolescents) ever be tried and sentenced as adults? The legislation of trying and sentencing youth criminals under adult justice system has been a hot topic of debate. Supporters of tough laws on insist the need to enforce harsh penalties to uphold justice. The practice of treating youth criminals as adults since the 1990s is a result of the steep rise in youth crimes. However, youth advocates argue that tough laws should not be applied to youth offenders anymore. The core issue of the controversy is whether, because adolescents are biologically and mentally different from adults, they should be treated differently. For minor offenses such as property crime in which nobody is†¦show more content†¦Similar findings can 1|Page HENG, SIN YI be seen in the article â€Å"Jailing Juveniles† (2008, p.127) revealing the danger of juveniles in adult facilities. Because youths are often isolated from other adult prisoners to prevent sexual and physical abuse, they are more vulnerable to various mental disorders. Moreover, suicide ideation of youth offenders in adult jails is 36 times higher than that of those in juvenile correctional facilities. As a result, youth advocates oppose treating youth offenders as adults. However, violent juvenile criminals should be punished for their misdeeds. Hunter (2010, p.101) insists that age should not be an excuse to oppose incarceration of youth criminals in adult prisons as a punishment for their crimes. In Hunter’s opinion, â€Å"cold-blooded murderers† like Jordan Brown, who killed his father’s fiancà ©e while she was sleeping must be punished to the maximum extent of the law although Brown was only 11 years old when the murder took place. In her opinion, to ugh laws are crucial for upholding justice for victims and victims’ families who suffered because of these juvenile crimes. Indeed, the culprits should not be easily forgiven to make sure that justice is served for the victims and victims’ families. Juvenile criminals have to bear the responsibilities for their actions regardless of their age. The purpose of tough punishment for violent youth offenders is to let them learn and realizeShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Crimes Of Juveniles1055 Words   |  5 Pagescrime? I live near the nation’s capitol and our local news channel carries stories about people meeting this fate every day. The worst part is that the criminal is often under the age of eighteen. In 2016, in Washington, D.C. alone, there were 3,278 juveniles arrested for criminal activity (â€Å"Biannual Reports†). I find myself wondering if that criminal will be tried as an adult or merely spend time in juvenile detention. I wonder if the child unde rstands the gravity of what they did. I am certainRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Death Penalty3656 Words   |  15 PagesA 16 year old boy is at the peak of their adolescent life, learning and discovering about puberty, maturity, right and wrong and future life goals. On the other hand, a man of 25 has matured, lived long enough to have made both good and bad judgments and has already been in the process of achieving those life goals they once thought of as a teenager. In a given situation, is it ethical to hold these two age groups, with mentalities that are worlds apart, to the same standards and punishments in theRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Death Penalty1824 Words   |  8 Pagesthe most controversial issues in the country today is addressed in the question, Should the death penalty be applied to juveniles, and if so how young is too young? The death penalty has been in the United States for many, many years, and the United States still has yet to figure out how to solve all its d ilemmas and whether or not the penalty is right or wrong. Debates about the use of the death penalty for juveniles have grown more intense because of the recent demand for harsher punishment forRead MoreThe Legal Before 18?3888 Words   |  16 PagesSociety always put thin lines on what exactly the requirements are for being grown. Some people might agree that being grown means that you pay your own bills, have a job, and don’t live under your parents roofs. But most people agree that if you are eighteen then you are legally grown and an adult. However we still have a system that gives prosecutors the unchechecked authority to push children into the adult system. In our court system injustices are treated very differently based on a multitude

Payroll Accounting

Question: Discuss about thePayroll Accounting. Answer: Memo Date: 11/17/2016 To: Mary Arnstein, Payroll Manager From: Re: CPP reporting requirement on T4 slips The Canada Pension Plan Regulations requires that employers should deduct CPP contribution from the remuneration of employees. The remuneration is referred to the amount that is received by the employee from the employer[1]. The RC4157 states that employer is required to fill the T4 information slip if the remuneration paid is more than $500 and the incomes paid includes income from employment; allowances and benefits that are taxable and other incomes. The T4 information slip should include the information relating to salary, wages and all other remuneration of the employees. Further, it should also contain information relating to taxable allowance, taxable benefit and other deductions. The general instruction for completing the T4 slip is to clearly complete the slip in an alphabetical order and dollar sign is not required to be included[2]. There are numerous boxes in the T4 slip and the basic informations like name, address and years are included in the slip. In Box 10, the province of employment is indicated in abbreviation and if the employee works in more than one province then separate T4 slip should be filled. The employment income should be included in the Box 14 and this should include total income received before any deductions. In the BOX 16 and 17, the amount that has been deducted from the employees for CPP and QPP should be reported. It is to be noted that if the employees do not contribute then the boxes should be left blank and the employers contribution should not be reported. If the employee turns 18 year old during the reporting period then the employer should start deducting CPP contribution from the remuneration. On the other hand, if the employees turn 70 years the calculation of CPP contribution should be discontinued. The CT Form 30 is the Election to Stop Contribution to Canada pension Plan this form should be filled by the employees between the age of 65 years and 70 years. This form can also be filled if the contribution to CPP was stopped in the previous year and the employees plan to restart the contribution. The Part A, b and C of the CT Form 30 should be filled if the employee plans to stop CPP contribution. In this case, the deficiency in CPP is due to non-contribution by employees turning 18 years old. Reference Annex, H. "Canada Pension Plan."National Population Projections: Review of Methodology for Projecting Mortality(2001): 71. Gruber, Jonathan, and David A. Wise, eds.Social security programs and retirement around the world. University of Chicago Press, 2009. https://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/pyrll/clcltng/cpp-rpc/menu-eng.html[3]

Causes, Effects and Solutions of Air Pollution Essay Example

Causes, Effects and Solutions of Air Pollution Paper A physical, biological or chemical alteration to the air in the atmosphere can be termed as pollution, It occurs when any harmful gases, dust, smoke enters into the atmosphere and makes it difficult for plants, animals and humans to survive as the air becomes dirty Air pollution an further be classified into two sections- Visible air pollution and invisible air pollution. Another way of looking at Air pollution could be any substance that holds the potential to hinder the atmosphere or the well being of the living beings surviving in it. The sustained Of all things living is due to a combination of gases that collectively form the atmosphere; the imbalance caused by the increase or decrease Of the percentage Of these gases can be harmful for survival. What are Air Pollutants? Air pollutants are the substances that cause air pollution. Len order to understand he causes of Air pollution, several divisions can be made. Primarily air pollutants can be caused by primary sources or secondary sources. The pollutants that are a direct result of the process can be called primary pollutants. A classic example of a primary pollutant would be the sulfur-dioxide emitted from factories. Secondary pollutants are the ones that are caused by the inter mingling and reactions of primary pollutants. Smog created by the interactions of several primary pollutants is known to be as secondary pollutant, Causes of Air pollution: l. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil eels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution, Pollution emitting from vehicles including trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause immense amount of pollution. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes, Effects and Solutions of Air Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Causes, Effects and Solutions of Air Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Causes, Effects and Solutions of Air Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We rely on them to fulfill our daily basic needs of transportation. But, there overuse is killing our environment as dangerous gases are polluting the environment. Carbon Monoxide caused by improper or incomplete combustion and generally emitted from vehicles is another major pollutant along with Nitrogen Oxides, that is produced from both natural and man made processes. 2. Agricultural activities: Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one Of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. SE Of insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural activities has grown quite a lot. They emit harmful chemicals into the air and can also cause water pollution. 3. Exhaust from factories and industries: Manufacturing industries release large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby depleting the quality of air. Manufacturing industries can be found at every corner of the earth and there is no area that has not been affected by it. Petroleum refineries also release hydrocarbons and various other chemicals that pollute the air and also cause land pollution. 4. Mining operations: Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted using large equipments. During the process dust and chemicals are released in the air causing massive air pollution. This is one Of the reason Which is responsible for the deteriorating health conditions of workers and nearby residents. 5. Indoor air pollution: Household cleaning products, painting supplies emit toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution. Have you ever noticed that once you paint walls of your souse, it creates some sort of smell which makes it literally impossible for you to breathe. Effects of Air pollution: 1. Respiratory and heart problems: The effects of Air pollution are alarming. They are known to create several respiratory and heart conditions along with Cancer, among other threats to the body. Several millions are known to have died due to direct or indirect effects of Air pollution. Children in areas exposed to air pollutants are said to commonly suffer trot pneumonia and asthma. 2. Global warming: Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the world is witnessing due to Global warming. With increased temperatures world wide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization arent undertaken soon. Acid Rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels When it rains, the water droplets combines with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form Of acid rain. Acid rain Can cause great damage to human, animals and crops. 4. Transportation: Transportation is a condition where high amount Of nitrogen present in some pollutants gets developed on seas surface and turns itself into algae and and adversely affect fish, plants and animal species. The green colored algae that is present on lakes and ponds is due to presence of this chemical only. 5. Effect on Wildlife: Just like humans, animals also face some devastating affects of air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect sea animals. . Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earths stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (LIVE) rays. Earths ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. IV rays also have the capability to affect crops. Solutions tort Air Pollution: I. Use public mode of transportation: Encourage people to use more and more public modes of transportation to reduce pollution. Also, try to make use of car lolling, If you and your colleagues come from the same locality and have same timings you can explore this option to save energy and money. Conserve energy: Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. Large amount of fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity. You can save the environment from degradation by reducing the amount of fossil fuels to be burned, 3, Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: Do not throw away items that are of no use to you. In-fact reuse them for some other purpose Poor e. G. You can use old jars to store cereals or pulses. 4. Emphasis on clean energy resources: Clean energy technologies like solar, wind and geothermal are on high these days. Governments of various countries have been providing grants to consumers Who are interested in installing solar panels for their home. This Will go a long way to curb air pollution. 5. Use energy efficient devices: CFML lights consume less electricity as against their counterparts. They live longer, consume less electricity, lower electricity bills and also help you to reduce pollution by consuming less energy. 6. Use catalytic converters: using catalytic converters in cars and other vehicles helps to reduce air pollution by converting the harmful and poisonous asses into less harmful gases. 7. SE Air pollution control plants in industries: By installing air pollution control plants near industries, many of the pollutants from gases are absorbed and air is prevented from pollution. Air Pollution is one of the larger mirrors of mans follies, and a challenge we need to overcome to see a tomorrow. Air Pollution Facts and Statistics: Air pollution affects kids more than adults due to higher concentrations of polluted air in their systems per body size. India is the country with the worst air quality in the world, The European Union would save 161 billion euros a year if eats caused by air pollution were diminished.

The Trumpet - A Delight for the Primal Senses essays

The Trumpet - A Delight for the Primal Senses essays The trumpet invokes the primal sense stimuli of sound, sight, and touch through its evocative use of melody, tone, and rhythm. The trumpet, of all the brass instruments, is the one that sounds the most like a human voice. It usually provides the melody of a jazz work because of the clear, bell-like sound of its notes. Its tone is one of clarity that can cut through the noise of a crowd or audience at an orchestra. Its noise rises above the dull thump of the lower-toned base instruments like the tuba, the drone of the woodwinds, and the buzz of the string instruments. Even an untrained ear can identify the sound of a trumpet, almost as if its sound was hard-wired into the brain from birth. When there is no singer, the trumpet is the voice of the orchestra. Like children respond to their mothers voices, so we respond to the voice of the trumpet out of this primal memory, this love of speech and articulation. The trumpets quick notes of brightness, unlike the more mellow and difficult tones of different sections of the orchestra need no training to understand because they speak to the heart of the listener. Because of its communicative power, a trumpet has been used when fighting wars and training troops. Once upon a time, no fighting unit was complete without a trumpet. A trumpet can speak to sleeping solders when it acts as a bugle to rally people awake, or to send the soldiers asleep during taps. Even many childrens camps have buglers to rally the young campers awake and to send them to sleep at night. A trumpet can also sound a call of triumph, one reason that angels are often depicted playing trumpets. Trumpets caused the walls of Jericho to come tumbling down with their clear tenor voices, enabling justice to triumph, and announced the birth of prophets. In many Christmas carols, the sound of the trumpet is one of the featured instruments, like Hark the Herald Angels Sing. ...

Performance Management System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Performance Management System - Essay Example Performance management incorporates all the activities that increase the probability of goals being achieved. Performance management system is aimed the goals are met in both efficient and effective processes. Managers classifies a person has having successfully hurdled all so-called performance management systems. For example, the marketing employee is required to sell one car within one week. If the employee sells two cars, then the sales personnel is said to have passed his or her performance management requirements. On the other hand, if the employee is not able to sell a single car within the prescribed accounting period, the sales employee is classified as having failed his or her performance management system test. With the implementation of the performance management system, the people are guided in order they will stay on the right path. The path is equated with compliance with all job responsibilities. A person who is not being watched can be tempted to delay one’s work schedules. A person who is paid a daily wage would have a lesser drive to accomplish task when compared to a worker who is paid based on the quantity of work done in one day. The latter worker works faster because he or she knows that more work translates to more pay. On the other hand, employee who is paid on a daily basis will receive the same pay not taking into consideration the quantity of work done.

Educational Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Linguistics - Essay Example The Spartans of Greeks uses the education for military and discipline purposes to make every citizen invincible in war and to develop conformity and obedience. They have physical and military education, moral training, very little intellectual trainings, music, gymnastic and vocational education. All financing was shouldered by the State. The most that we can emulate from the Spartans is the military education and the development of patriotism and discipline. The Athenians are the greatest lawmakers of all time. They use education for creating good citizens, individual excellences and many-sided development. There is civic and moral trainings, physical and intellectual education and arts. This early Athenians have contributed the free development of all human capacities and the Olympic Games. The Later Athenians came by the Sophist, pragmatic and utilitarian, also by Socrates, as education is used for the development of the power of thinking, by Plato, to control by intellectual rulers and by Aristotle, as education is used for rational living. They have moral and professional, vocational, domestic and intellectual trainings, physical, military and civic trainings, aesthetic and cultural education, sports and games. We learned from them, the Socratic method of teaching, the realm of philosophy of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and others. Also the Euclidean geometry and the arts and classical literature. The Romans are also part of the stem of education. Education was for practical purposes, in which it is use to produce men who would be active and efficient in daily life. Also in moral, military, civic and political and religious also for oratorical or in public speaking. They need speech trainings literacy and vocational education. The outstanding contribution of them is the methods of organization, management and administrations. The Early Christians also used education during their times like in learning their relationship with God. Also for their salvation and social relations which are based on love. They use the lecture method in teaching, dialectic or the question and answer method) Aphorism, parable method and figures of speech. They contributed to humanity is the Christianity . The education we have now is the product of the long processes and progressions that happened on the past time. The traditional Education's foundation, that starts from the primitive people, in which the education aims to survival and security from the natural phenomena and from the wild animals and the believed evil spirits, hunger and from other tribes. There is no classrooms intended for studies, their agencies of education is the home and their environment. There is no organization of grades also. All instruction was than informally, enculturation. They learn from observation and imitation, from simple telling and demonstration and also from participation.